# pip install langchain langchain-openai
from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
# 1) Modello
llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o-mini", temperature=0)
# 2) Prompt
prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages( and streaming guide.
---
## Building Blocks You’ll Use 80% of the Time
### 1) Prompts and Output Parsing
- Use `ChatPromptTemplate` for structured prompts.
- Parse outputs with `StrOutputParser` or JSON parsers for typed responses.
```python
from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser
from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o-mini")
prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_template(
"""
Summarize the following text in 3 bullet points:
---
{text}
"""
)
parser = StrOutputParser
chain = prompt | llm | parser
summary = chain.invoke({"text": "LangChain helps build LLM apps with RAG and tools."})
print(summary)

# pip install faiss-cpu tiktoken
from langchain_openai import OpenAIEmbeddings, ChatOpenAI
from langchain_community.vectorstores import FAISS
from langchain_text_splitters import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
# Prepare documents
texts = .
---
## From Prototype to Production: A Step-by-Step Blueprint
### Step 1: Define the User Story
- Who is the user? What job are they trying to get done?
- Example: “A support agent that answers product questions from internal docs and recent tickets.”
### Step 2: Choose the Minimum Viable Stack
- Model: Pick a reasonably priced, reliable model (e.g., GPT-4o-mini or a frontier open model).
- Data: Decide if you need RAG now. If yes, start with FAISS locally.
- I/O: Use LCEL for fast iteration; avoid custom glue code.
### Step 3: Implement a Clean RAG Loop
- Split docs properly.
- Index embeddings.
- Prompt with context and citations.
- Add a guardrail to avoid hallucination when no relevant context is found.
```python
from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser
from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
qa_prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_template(
"""
Answer the question using ONLY the CONTEXT below. If the answer isn't
in the context, say "I don't know." Include cited doc IDs.
CONTEXT:
{context}
QUESTION: {question}
"""
)
parser = StrOutputParser
rag_chain = (RunnableParallel(context=retriever, question=RunnableLambda(lambda x: x.
### Step 5: Typed Outputs and Validation
- Use `PydanticOutputParser` or JSON schema to enforce structure for API responses.
- Validate fields to catch model drift.
### Step 6: Tooling and Function Calling for Real Tasks
- Introduce tools sparingly.
- Common tools: calculator, web search, SQL query executor, code runner.
- Clearly describe tool capabilities in docstrings.
### Step 7: Hardening
- Rate limit and retry strategies.
- Timeouts and circuit breakers.
- Safety filters and content checks.
### Step 8: Evaluation & Continuous Improvement
- Test with golden datasets (input → expected output).
- Evaluate faithfulness, answer completeness, and citation accuracy.
- Measure retrieval hit rate and latency.
---
## Common Patterns and Gotchas
- Start simple: Chains before agents. You’ll get predictability and lower cost.
- Chunking matters: Tuning chunk size/overlap can change retrieval quality more than the model swap.
- Prompt leakage: Don’t stuff the kitchen sink into system prompts; keep them focused.
- Determinism: Set `temperature=0` for evaluation and critical workflows.
- Streaming UX: Stream tokens to the UI while the rest of the system fetches assets or preloads context.
- Structured outputs: Use parsers to make downstream integration painless.
---
## A Full Mini Project: Docs Q&A With Citations
This example ties everything together: ingestion, RAG, answer generation, and streaming.
```python
# pip install langchain langchain-openai faiss-cpu tiktoken
from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI, OpenAIEmbeddings
from langchain_text_splitters import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
from langchain_community.vectorstores import FAISS
from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser
from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableParallel, RunnableLambda
# 1) Ingest
corpus = {
"pricing": "Our Pro plan supports 1M context tokens and includes priority support.",
"limits": "The API rate limit is 60 requests per minute for Pro users.",
"security": "We store logs for 30 days unless logging is disabled by the admin.",
}
splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(chunk_size=300, chunk_overlap=50)
all_chunks, ids = [], []
for doc_id, text in corpus.items:
for i, chunk in enumerate(splitter.split_text(text)):
all_chunks.append(chunk)
ids.append(f"{doc_id}-{i}")
# 2) Index
db = FAISS.from_texts(all_chunks, OpenAIEmbeddings)
retriever = db.as_retriever(k=4)
# 3) Prompt
prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_template(
"""
You are a support assistant. Use the CONTEXT to answer.
If unsure, say "I don't know." Include citations of source IDs.
CONTEXT:
{context}
QUESTION: {question}
"""
)
# 4) Model and parser
llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o-mini", temperature=0)
parser = StrOutputParser
# 5) Compose chain
rag = (
RunnableParallel(
context=retriever,
question=RunnableLambda(lambda x: x["question"]) # pass-through
)
| prompt
| llm
| parser
)
# 6) Ask a question
for chunk in rag.stream({"question": "What are Pro rate limits and log retention?"}):
print(chunk, end="", flush=True)